> ## Documentation Index
> Fetch the complete documentation index at: https://docs.spidra.io/llms.txt
> Use this file to discover all available pages before exploring further.

# Google Scholar

> Get Google Scholar search results, citing papers, versions, citations and BibTeX, author profiles with up to 500 articles, and article records as structured data, for 1 credit per link.

Send a Google Scholar link to [Scrape](https://docs.spidra.io/scrape.md) or [Batch scrape](https://docs.spidra.io/batch-scrape.md) and you get the page's data as JSON: search results with citation counts, the papers citing a paper, a paper's citations and BibTeX, an author's profile and articles, or one article's full record. Each link costs 1 credit, and links that can't be read cost nothing.

## Example

```json theme={null}
{ "urls": ["https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=attention+is+all+you+need"], "output": "json", "wait": true }
```

The item's `result`, shortened to the first result:

```json theme={null}
{
  "type": "search",
  "query": "attention is all you need",
  "totalResultsText": "About 9,640,000 results",
  "resultCount": 10,
  "results": [
    {
      "position": 1,
      "title": "Attention is all you need",
      "year": 2017,
      "publication": "Advances in neural …",
      "citedByCount": 278015,
      "versionsCount": 26,
      "citedByUrl": "https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=...",
      "citeUrl": "https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=info:...:scholar.google.com/&output=cite"
    }
  ],
  "hasMore": true
}
```

## Links that work

| Link | Example | You get |
| - | - | - |
| Search | `scholar.google.com/scholar?q=...` (years with `as_ylo`/`as_yhi`, sort by date with `scisbd`, `start` for pages) | 10 results per page, with profiles and related searches |
| Cited by | `scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=<id>` | The papers citing a paper |
| Versions | `scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=<id>` | Every version of a paper |
| Related | `scholar.google.com/scholar?q=related:<resultId>:scholar.google.com/` | Related articles |
| Cite | `scholar.google.com/scholar?q=info:<resultId>:scholar.google.com/&output=cite` | MLA, APA, Chicago, Harvard and Vancouver strings and export links. Add `&bibtex=1` for the BibTeX text and its fields |
| Author | `scholar.google.com/citations?user=<id>` | The profile, metrics and up to 500 articles. `&cstart=500` reads the next 500 |
| Article | `scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&citation_for_view=...` | One article's full record |
| Co-authors | `scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=list_colleagues&user=<id>` | Every co-author |

## Fields

**Search result:** `position`, `resultId`, `title`, `url`, `type`, `snippet`, `authors`, `authorProfiles`, `publication`, `year`, `sourceHost`, `fileUrl` and `fileFormat` (the PDF or HTML side link), `citedByCount`, `citedByUrl`, `versionsCount`, `versionsUrl`, `relatedUrl`, `cachedUrl` and `citeUrl`.

**Author:** `authorId`, `name`, `photoUrl`, `affiliation`, `verifiedEmailDomain`, `homepage`, `interests`, `citations`, `hIndex` and `i10Index` (all time and since a year), `citationsPerYear`, `publicAccess`, `coAuthors`, `articleCount` and `articles` (each with `title`, `authors`, `publication`, `year`, `citedByCount`). Geoffrey Hinton's profile, for example: 1,103,398 citations, h-index 196, the first 500 of his articles.

## Limits

Scholar's author search and organisation pages need a sign-in, so they fail and cost nothing, as do unknown ids and searches with no results.

## Templates

Ready-made [templates](https://docs.spidra.io/templates.md) for Google Scholar: papers for a topic, author profiles and metrics, all articles by an author, papers citing a paper, and BibTeX and citations for papers.


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